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Original Article
04 (
01
); 020-025
doi:
10.1055/s-0039-1692305

Stress Diastolic Function for Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease

Department of Cardiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, NICE Hospital, Masab Tank, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Address for correspondence Naveen Kumar Murki, MD, DM Department of Cardiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500081, Telangana India naveenjust@gmail.com
Licence
This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.

Abstract

Abstract

Introduction Prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) has increased to alarming levels globally. There is a significant improvement in the noninvasive modalities for the early CAD detection by costly investigations such as computed tomographic (CT) coronary angiogram. The authors want to see the efficacy of adding pulse and tissue Doppler parameters, which is a cheaper modality, to the TMT (treadmill test) stress testing, for the detection of CAD.

Materials and Methods The authors have recruited 51 patients, who were referred for TMT for detection of inducible ischemia. Mean age of the patients was 51.9 years. Patients with renal failure, rhythm disturbances, and hypertension more than stage 1 were excluded. Along with the TMT, basal and exercise pulse wave and tissue Doppler parameters were recorded. These echocardiogram parameters were compared with presence and absence of CAD, along with the severity of CAD (SVD [single-vessel disease], DVD [double-vessel disease], and TVD [triple-vessel disease]) on a conventional coronary angiogram (CAG).

There was no statistical difference between basal and after TMT in pulse wave diastolic parameters (basal E-wave velocities: 0.76 ± 0.18 vs. 0.88 ± 0.22, p = 0.29: after TMT: 1.03 ± 0.22 vs. 1.12 ± 0.21, p = 0.29) for detection of CAD on CAG. However, most tissue Doppler velocities were significantly different both in basal and after TMT in CAD group when compared with no-CAD group (S′ septal, basal, and after TMT, p = 0.002, E′ septal, basal, and after TMT, p = 0.0015, A′ septal, basal, and after TMT, p = 0.0195, S′ lateral, basal, and after TMT, p = 0.0018, E′ lateral, basal, and after TMT, p = 0.0016, S′ Inferior, basal, and after TMT, p = 0.0036, A′ inferior, basal, and after TMT, p = 0.023). Average E/E′ after TMT for DVD was 12.29 ± 2.09 (vs. no-CAD 10.70 ± 2.00) and for TVD it was 12.2 ± 2.19 (vs. no-CAD 10.69 ± 2.1), which were statistically significantly higher than no-CAD (p = 0.02, p = 0.02).

Conclusion Tissue Doppler velocities of different left ventricular (LV) walls (S′, E′, A′ of septal; S′, E′, of lateral; S′, A′ of inferior) in CAD at basal and after TMT were different from the no-CAD group, which were statistically different. Ratios such as E/E′, E/A′ of septal, lateral, and inferior, after TMT were useful for the detection of not only the presence of CAD but also for the severity of the CAD (for DVD: 12.29 ± 2.09 vs. 10.70 ± 2.00, p = 0.023; TVD: 12.2 ± 2.19 vs. 10.69 ± 2.1, p = 0.023). In conclusion, diastolic stress evaluation is useful to predict the occurrence of CAD and its severity.

Keywords

coronary artery disease
diastolic dysfunction
stress echo

Introduction

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world and has neared its epidemic proportions. India has a similar scenario. Indian studies have revealed that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause approximately 40% of deaths in urban areas and 30% of deaths in rural areas in India.1

Early detection of CAD among people with or without symptoms is the main task to reduce morbidity and mortality. There are various invasive and noninvasive methods to detect CAD among people with symptoms. Always invasive methods have their advantage and disadvantages, so noninvasive tests are low-cost modalities of CAD detection and are the need of the hour. Of these noninvasive modalities, various methods are used such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography (echo), CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging.

Based on the concept that diastolic abnormalities occur earlier than symptoms, ECG changes, and systolic dysfunction during myocardial ischemia, diastolic stress test should identify ischemia earlier than another type of stress test methods.2 The authors want to study the usefulness of applying stress echo with treadmill test (TMT) for detection of CAD patients.

Aims and Objectives

The aim of this article is to measure changes in tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) parameters with exercise stress test in males and females and compare with the presence and severity of CAD on a coronary angiogram (CAG).

Material and Methods

Procedure

This study is conducted in our institution after approval by local ethical committee. Patients aged from 25 to 75 years who were presented to the outpatient clinic with chest pain or shortness of breath with normal left ventricular (LV) function and without acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were included. Exclusion criteria were patients who cannot perform TMT, patients with atrial fibrillation, patients with recent myocardial infarction/non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction /unstable angina (MI/NSTEMI/USA), more than stage 1 hypertension, chronic kidney disease, valvular heart disease, ECG presence of Q wave, with bundle branch pattern/intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD), and ejection fraction (EF) < 45%.

The proforma of the study contained epidemiologic information (age, sex, occupation, and place), questionnaires for risk factor evaluation (smoking, alcohol, hypertension [HTN], diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease [IHD]), and information of clinical presentation (chest pain, dyspnea, etc.). Patients were subjected to routine ECG, 2D echo, and TMT as per requirement. TMT was performed with GE-T2100 CASE (GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY), version 6.7 machine using either Bruce or modified Bruce protocol.

Stress echo is performed using a standard ultrasound system (PHILIPS HD 11 XE; Philips) with a 1- to 3-MHz transducer during rest and at first minute of recovery. Wall motion analysis and mitral inflow parameter and TDI parameters were measured. In the apical four-chamber view pulse Doppler, sample volume was placed at mitral valve tips, and 5 to 10 cardiac cycles were recorded. The peak Doppler velocities of early (E) and late (A) mitral diastolic flow, deceleration time (DT), and E/A ratio were measured.3 Where there was a complete merging of E and A during the stress test, the resulting velocity was taken as E. TDI parameters were measured in basal septal, basal lateral and basal inferior wall, and in apical four- and apical two-chamber views. Myocardial velocities by TDI were measured at the septal and lateral mitral annular sites in the apical four-chamber view.

Coronary angiogram was done in all these patients. The presence of CAD was defined as > 50% luminal narrowing in at least one coronary vessel. The severity of CAD was classified as single-vessel diseases (SVDs), where there was > 50% luminal narrowing one coronary vessel or double-vessel disease (DVD) in two coronary vessels, or triple-vessel diseases (TVDs) in all there coronary vessels. Left main disease was considered as DVD. The analysis was done to detect the important pulse wave and tissue Doppler velocity parameters for the detection of CAD and its severity with reference to males and females.

Statistical Methods

The descriptive statistics was done for all data collected and suitable statistical test used for comparison. Continuous variables are expressed as a mean + standard deviation (SD) and were analyzed using unpaired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Categorical variables were examined with the chi-square test with Yates correction. Statistical significance was taken for all correlation as p < 0.05.

Results

In 51 study population, the mean age was 53.9 ± 10.2 years with a male:female::1.93:1. After CAG, 41 (80.4%) patients had CAD and in 10 (19.6%) patients no-CAD. Comparison of demographic features of CAD and no-CAD groups is depicted in Table 1.

Table 1
Demographic features of both groups

Characteristics

CAD

No CAD

p Value

Abbreviation: CAD, coronary artery disease.

Age (y)

53.88 ± 10.22

49.90 ± 7.85

0.97

Smoker

18 (43.9%)

3 (30%)

0.43

Hypertension

15 (36.59)

4 (40%)

0.84

Diabetes

17 (41.46%)

4 (40%)

0.93

Family history of CAD

17 (41.46%)

1 (10%)

0.08

Hypercholesterolemia

17 (41.46%)

0 (0)

0.07

Presence of dyslipidemia and family history of CAD showed a tendency for the presence of CAD, but not the age, smoking, HTN, or diabetes. Gender distribution of the two groups is depicted in Table 2 and Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Gender distribution among study groups.

Fig. 1 Gender distribution among study groups.

Table 2
Gender distribution of the study population

Gender

CAD

%

No-CAD

%

Abbreviation: CAD, coronary artery disease.

Male

27

65.85

4

40

Female

14

34.15

6

60

Total

41

100

10

100

p Value

0.1627

Comparison of demographic and laboratory parameters between the males and females showed that except for smoking, which was more in males, were comparable. CAD was more in males than females, which were statistically significant represented in Table 3.

Table 3
Compares the demographic, laboratory, and CAG findings in males versus females

Characteristics

Males (31)

Females (20)

p Value

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CAG, coronary angiogram; DM, diabetes mellitus; DVD, double-vessel disease; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN, hypertension; SVD, single-vessel disease; TVD, triple-vessel disease.

Average age

54.25 y

53.9 y

HTN

14 (45.16%)

10 (50%)

0.348

DM

11 (35.48%)

10 (50%)

0.806

Smoking

20 (64.5%)

0 (0%)

0.000

Family h/o CAD

10 (32.25%)

8 (40%)

0.603

CAD

28 (90.3%)

13 (65%)

0.001

SVD

14 (45.16%)

6 (30%)

0.042

DVD

5 (16.12)

2 (10%)

0.237

TVD

8 (25.8%)

5 (25%)

0.371

Average TC

230.9

216.45

0.182

Average LDL

151.61

142.4

0.357

Average non-HDLC

189.90

175.65

0.220

Average BMI

23.9

23.65

0.720

A 2D echo is done before starting the TMT and at the first minute after TMT. Fresh WMA (wall motion abnormalities) were noted. All pulse wave and tissue Doppler-derived parameters, before and after TMT, were mentioned in Table 4. E, A velocity, E/A ratio, and DT on pulse wave Doppler before starting the TMT and also after TMT were same in both the groups (CAD and no-CAD).

Table 4
Comparison of pulse wave Doppler parameters before and after in both study groups

Pulse wave Doppler parameter

Rest

After TMT

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; DT, declaration time.

E (cm/s)

0.76 ± 0.18

87.60 ± 22.36

0.2903

1.03 ± 0.22

1.11 ± 0.21

0.3

A (cm/s)

0.85 ± 0.21

1.03 ± 12.84

0.3350

1.03 ± 0.2

0.99 ± 0.1

0.3

E/A

0.94 ± 0.29

0.86 ±0.30

0.097

1.01 ± 0.24

1.12 ± 0.16

0.097

DT (ms)

215.78 ± 33.21

215.80 ± 33.21

0.17

193.61 ± 442.80

181.10 ± 18.50

0.17

However, tissue Doppler velocities were different in CAD and no-CAD patients in both at rest and after TMT Table 5.

Table 5
TDI parameters in both groups

Tissue Doppler parameter

Rest

After TMT

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging; TMT, treadmill test.

Average S′ (cm/s)

6.25 ± 1.24

8.11 ± 1.63

0.0014

7.06 ± 1.49

9.74 ± 1.92

0.0014

Average E′ (cm/s)

8.20 ± 1.87

10.47 ± 2.41

0.0020

8.58 ± 2.17

12.19 ± 2.17

0.0020

Average A′ (cm/s)

7.37 ± 1.81

8.75 ± 1.62

0.0182

8.00 ± 2.02

9.85 ± 1.95

0.0182

Average E/E′ (cm/s)

9.37 ± 0.99

8.37 ± 0.98

< 0.00001

12.52 ± 1.85

9.29 ± 1.21

< 0.00001

Tissue Doppler velocities, S′ septal, E′ septal, A′ septal, S′ lateral, E′ lateral, S′ inferior, A′ inferior ratios, E/E′ septal, E/A′ septal, E/E′ lateral, E′/A lateral, E/E′ inferior, and E′/A′ inferior were significantly different even at basal echo time, which were more significant during exercise (Table 6). A′ lateral and E′ inferior were not different at basal and after stress in between the groups.

Table 6
All walls TDI parameters in CAD and no-CAD patients

TDI parameters

Rest

After TMT

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.

S′ septal (cm/s)

6.00 ± 1.22

7.74 ± 1.62

0.002

6.84 ± 1.42

9.57 ± 2.07

0.002

E′ septal (cm/s)

7.87 ± 1.81

10.10 ± 2.26

0.002

8.14 ± 2.16

11.98 ± 2.78

0.002

A′ septal (cm/s)

7.18 ± 1.68

8.63 ± 1.66

0.02

7.83 ± 1.99

9.85 ± 2.18

0.02

E/E′ septal

9.72 ± 1.07

8.60 ± 0.82

< 0.0001

13.15 ± 2.23

9.46 ± 1.19

< 0.0001

E/A′ septal

1.10 ± 0.18

1.18 ± 0.17

0.002

1.04 ± 0.15

1.21 ± 0.13

0.002

S′ lateral (cm/s)

6.84 ± 1.42

9.03 ± 1.78

0.002

7.51 ± 1.83

10.51 ± 2.21

0.002

E′ lateral (cm/s)

8.79 ± 2.15

11.39 ±2.55

0.002

9.02 ± 2.52

13.13 ± 3.01

0.002

A′ lateral (cm/s)

7.62 ± 2.29

9.06 ± 2.15

0.03

8.29 ± 2.37

10.01 ± 1.96

0.03

E/E′ lateral

8.78 ± 1.10

7.69 ± 1.12

< 0.0001

11.99 ± 2.12

8.64 ± 1.19

< 0.0001

E′/A′ lateral

1.22 ± 0.36

1.29 ± 0.36

0.004

1.09 ± 0.18

1.31 ± 0.17

0.004

S′ inferior (cm/s)

5.93 ± 1.17

7.59 ± 1.63

0.001

6.84 ± 1.47

9.13 ± 1.59

0.001

E′ inferior (cm/s)

7.97 ± 1.85

9.93 ± 2.52

0.24

8.56 ± 2.24

22.60 ± 35.36

0.24

A′ inferior (cm/s)

7.29 ± 1.70

8.56 ± 1.59

0.02

7.90 ± 1.87

9.73 ± 2.04

0.02

E/E′ inferior

9.63 ± 1.27

8.85 ± 1.19

0.0001

12.44 ± 2.18

9.81 ± 1.37

0.0001

E′/A′ inferior

1.10 ± 0.19

1.15 ± 0.16

0.11

1.08 ± 0.16

1.16 ± 0.12

0.11

The tissue Doppler velocities ratios during TMT, but not the velocities as such, were helpful in detecting the severity of CAD (Table 7).

Table 7
TDI parameters versus severity of CAD

CAD

Average E/E′ at baseline

Average E/E′ after exercise

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; DVD, double-vessel disease; SVD, single-vessel disease; TVD, triple-vessel disease.

SVD

9.29 ± 1.00

8.83 ± 1.18

0.2

12.18 ± 1.89

11.03 ± 2.71

0.2

DVD

9.3 ± 1

8.8 ± 1.1

0.3

12.29 ± 2.09

10.70 ± 2.00

0.02

TVD

9.27 ± 1.03

8.9 ± 1.12

0.3

12.2 ± 2.19

10.69 ± 2.1

0.02

Treadmill test positive had 56% sensitivity for detection of CAD. Along with stress echo its sensitivity was 71%. By including WMA with other parameters, sensitivity for detection of CAD was 75%.

Even though univariate analysis showed many TDI parameters were useful in detection and severity of CAD, multivariate regression analysis did not indicate that. Multivariate regression analysis showed that positive TMT had a tendency for detection of CAD, whereas the presence of WMA after exercise was determinant for CAD (Table 8).

Table 8
Multivariate regression analysis

Variable

Odds ratio

95% CI

p Value

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; TMT, treadmill test; WMA, wall motion abnormality.

Smoking

1.83

0.41–8.07

0.43

Hypercholesterolemia

15.00

0.82–273.34

0.07

Hypertension

0.86

0.21–3.57

0.84

Diabetes

1.06

0.26–4.35

0.93

Positive TMT

1.33

0.29–6.13

0.07

Presence of WMA after exercise

71.84

3.84–1342.39

0.004

Increase in E/E′ Average after exercise

3.17

0.03–10.96

0.25

Discussion

Tissue Doppler examination during the stress may detect the diastolic and systolic dysfunctions due to stress-induced ischemia. Evidence has been piling on the importance of physiological assessment rather than morphologic assessment for CAD detection. Regional stunning due to myocardial ischemia can be diagnosed by tissue Doppler measurements. The myocardial ischemia can also be detected by measurement of reduced transmyocardial velocity. Regional diastolic dysfunction can be detected and measured by TDI, so TDI parameters such as systolic velocity (S′), early diastolic velocity (E′), and late diastolic velocity (A′) can reflect changes during ischemia. Changes documented during ischemia are reduced and delayed peak systolic and diastolic velocities, reduced myocardial velocity gradients, and diastolic dysfunction, which is demonstrated in various studies. Because diastolic dysfunction may persist after recovery of normal systolic function, after short time of coronary occlusion by balloon during coronary angioplasty,3 in post treadmill exercise stress, echo can identify diastolic dysfunction immediately after cessation of exercise.

Baseline TDI systolic velocity (S′) was lower in CAD patients than without CAD (6.25 vs. 8.11 cm/s) as shown in other studies. This study had lower E′ and A′ in CAD patients. However, E/E′ slightly higher than normal value in CAD group (9.37 vs. 8.37). Tissue Doppler systolic velocity for different segments in baseline mainly basal septal, basal lateral, and basal inferior are 8.11, 10.47, and 8.75 cm/s, respectively. There were significant changes of tissue Doppler echo parameters in patients with CAD after stress test. The systolic velocity did not increase after stress test in CAD patients.

Hoffmann et al4 have studied 82 patients with suspected angina pectoris, no previous cardiac history, and normal ejection fraction. All the patients were examined with color TDI before CAG, at baseline. The baseline TDI parameters in patients with and without CAD compared with this study (Table 9).

Table 9
Comparison of TDI parameters in study by Hoffmann et al and this study

TDI parameters at rest

Study by Soren Hoffmann et al (82 patients)

This study (51 patients)

CAD

No-CAD

p Value

CAD +

CAD −

p Value

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; NS, nonsignificant; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.

Average S′ (cm/s)

5.58+0.96

6.06+0.89

0.008*

6.25 ± 1.24

8.11 ± 1.63

0.001

Average E′ (cm/s)

6.31+1.65

6.78+1.46

NS

8.20 ± 1.87

10.47 ± 2.41

0.002

Average A′ (cm/s)

7.16+1.53

7.16+1.32

NS

7.37 ± 1.81

8.75 ± 1.62

0.02

Average E/E′

11.6+3.99

10.4+2.66

0.032

9.37 ± 0.99

8.37 ± 0.98

< 0.00001

As shown above, there is a statistically significant difference in average S′ and average E/E′ between patients with and without CAD whereas difference in average E′ and average A′ is statistically insignificant. In this study in the CAD group, the average S′, average E′, and average A′ along with the average E/E′ were significantly lower values than in no-CAD group, which were statistically significant. The increase in E/E′ ratio did not correlate with SVD but well with DVD and TVD.

In the study by Nitta et al,5 the hypothesis that, in patients with nonobstructive CAD documented by CAG, the index of LV diastolic function from ECG-gated SPECT is useful in detecting myocardial ischemia, was tested. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that peak filling rate (PFR) at redistribution was an independent predictor of the presence of myocardial ischemia in patients with nonobstructive CAD, by angiogram (odds ratio: 0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.04–0.51, p = 0.002). Summed difference scores (SDS) in patients with myocardial ischemia and those without were 3.5 ± 1.8 and 0.4 ± 0.5, respectively (p < 0.001). PFR after stress was significantly lower in patients with myocardial ischemia than in those without. Lower PFRs after stress and at redistribution were inversely correlated with SDS. PFR was correlated with mitral annular velocity on tissue Doppler echo, which is widely used as an index of LV diastolic function in the clinical setting.

In the MYDISE6 (Myocardial Doppler in Stress Echocardiography) study, Mädler et., al have studied tissue Doppler digital data during dobutamine stress in 289 patients, and measured myocardial responses of 11 LV segments, by offline analysis. Ninety-two normal patients were compared with 48 patients with coronary disease, in a prospective series of 149 patients referred with chest pain. Optimal diagnostic accuracy was achieved by logistic regression models, using systolic velocities at maximal stress in seven myocardial segments, adjusting for independent correlations directly with heart rate and inversely with age and female gender (all p < 0.001). They have demonstrated that CAD can be diagnosed accurately and objectively, from off-line measurements of myocardial velocities recorded noninvasively by tissue Doppler echocardiography during dobutamine stress.

In this study, difference in average S′ and average E′ among two study groups is statistically insignificant, but difference in average A′ and Avg E/E′ has significant p value. The diastolic parameters E prime and A prime were not competitively increased in CAD group. However, there were decrease in E velocity and increase in A velocity as occurred in other studies. Average E/E′ ratios of all three myocardial segments measured are significantly increased and the increasing change (3.15) well correlated with CAD detection in diastolic stress test. The average increase in E/E′ ratio well correlated in patients with positive TMT.

In this study, TMT positive had 56% sensitivity for detection of CAD, when combining an increase in E/E′ value with stress echo, its sensitivity rose to 71%. Moreover including objective measurement of WMAs with other parameters sensitivity for detection of CAD was as high as 75% in this study. It needs further study with a larger population to decide whether E/E′ stands as a sensitive marker to diagnose CAD.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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