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Quantitative Expression Analysis of Circulating miRNAs Reveals Significant Association with Cardiovascular Pathogenesis in Women
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a complex pathophysiological condition with continuous increasing mortality and poor treatment outcome. Troponin is the only standard biochemical indication of CVD, which fails to exactly determine the diagnostic and prognostic indications of CVD. Circulating microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) represent crucial molecular targets to determine the pathophysiology of CVD. Hence, in the present study quantitative estimation of three miRNAs (miRNA-133, miRNA-155, and miRNA-222) targeting different pathways of CVD pathogenesis has been performed to find their role.
Methods and Materials A total of 50 female subjects including 25 CVD patients and 25 controls with age range of 18 to 65 years were included in this study. The extraction of circulating miRNAs was done in all the serum samples separated through centrifugation. Relative expression of all three miRNAs was performed using SYBR green–based real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in comparison to internal control.
Results Significantly upregulated expression levels were observed for miRNA-133 and miRNA-222 in CVD women patients as compared with control subjects. Age-wise analysis revealed highly upregulated expression of miRNA-133 in patients having age group <45 years. While comparing with troponin levels, miRNA-222 was found significantly upregulated in patients having troponin levels <250 ng/L whereas miRNA-133 was found significantly higher in >250 ng/L troponin group.
Conclusion Circulating miRNAs specifically miRNA-133 and miRNA-222 have essential role in pathogenesis of CVD in women patients.
Keywords
cardiovascular diseases
circulating miRNAs
troponin
relative expression
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) affect normal functions of blood vessels and heart which is limited to epicardial coronary arteries. Every year >8 million women die worldwide due to CVD, leading to one-third of deaths in females.1 2 Women with CVD have constant suboptimal treatment pattern with higher rate of mortality and poor outcome as compared with men.3 4 Mechanisms responsible for complex pathophysiology involved in development of CVDs are still unclear. Hence, a hypothetic alter ahead of anatomic portrayal of coronary artery disease is required to interpret CVD risk identification and for designing effective treatment strategies for women. Moreover, there is a need to identify new diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic factors to detect, prevent, and for proper treatment of women with CVD.
Currently, the most commonly used biomarker for CVD is cardiac troponins due to its higher levels of sensitivity and specificity in cardiac necrosis.5 However, recent medical advances have showed essential role of epigenetic regulatory element-like circulatory microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) as potent biomarker to define the disease pathogenesis at molecular levels. These miRNAs are the most widely studied noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences of ~21 to 25 nucleotides in size. It has crucial role in transcriptional regulation of gene expression of cellular physiological mechanisms such as proliferation, differentiation, and immunological responses, and so forth, directly or indirectly.6 miRNAs are highly stable in circulation; hence, it has been proposed for investigating their potential as noninvasive genetic markers of high degree of sensitivity and specificity with rapid and accurate detection of disease pathogenesis.7 8 9 Thus, evaluation of functional miRNAs profile in CVD may explore their useful potential as better molecular diagnosis criteria.
In this study, we have quantified the levels of three circulating miRNAs (miRNA-133, miRNA-155, miRNA-222) involved in different pathways in women with CVD. Among different regulatory elements, miRNA-133 is one of the most abundant miRNAs in cardiac tissues that inhibits proliferation of cardiomyocytes.10 11 12 It is also a critical regulator of cardiac and skeletal muscles development and has crucial role during pathological alterations and vascular smooth muscle cell biology.12 The second miRNA, miRNA-155, has been reported as one of the most potent prognostic biomarker for myocardial infarction patients with cardiac death.13 It is also a crucial pleiotropic regulator of cellular homeostasis, inflammatory mechanisms, viral infections, hematopoietic cell lineage differentiation, and cardiac malfunction.14 15 While, miRNA-222 play protective role against pathogenetic cardiac proliferation, migration, remodeling, and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells.9 16 17 It also controls physiological functions of cardiac cells and its abnormal expression has been attributed with several types of CVDs. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of these three circulating miRNAs may provide crucial information of genetic basis of CVD pathogenesis in Indian women for better diagnosis, prognosis, and identifying suitable molecular targets for designing effective treatment strategies.
Materials and Methods
This study was performed after getting institutional review board (IRB) approval from of Deccan college of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Signed informed consent forms (CRF) were collected from all the subjects included in the study who were attending Department of Cardiology, Owaisi Hospitals and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Study Population
Totally 50 subjects (25 female CVD patients and 25 female controls) were included in this study. Blood samples were collected from all the female subjects within the age group of 18 to 65 years. Demographical description of every subject was recorded in sample collection proforma.
Sample Collection and Processing
Peripheral blood sample of 3 mL was withdrawn from each subject and transferred in serum collection tubes. Following to sample collection, all serum tubes were incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature for proper coagulation. Further serum separation was done by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 15 minute at room temperature. Further miRNA extraction was performed immediately from the separated serum to avoid degradation of miRNAs.
Extraction of Serum miRNAs
Serum miRNAs extraction was performed within 4 hours of serum separation using miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (Qiagen, Cat No./ID: 217184). In brief, 100 μL of serum sample from each patient was lysed and loaded into a column containing specific nitrocellulose membrane filters for entrapment of miRNAs. Wash buffers were used to wash off all impurities and finally pure membrane bound miRNAs were eluted using highly concentrated elution buffer supplied with the kit.
Preparation of Complementary DNA
All the extracted miRNAs were used for complementary DNA (cDNA) conversion into a thermocycler. Universal stem loop primer (USLP) and reverse transcription (RT) primers were used for cDNA preparation as described earlier.18 Briefly, reaction mixture of extracted miRNAs with USLP was initially incubated at 65°C for 10 minutes followed with 2 minutes of snap cooling in ice. Furthermore, reaction components such as deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates ( dNTPs), reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) buffer, and reverse transcriptase (RTase) enzyme were mixed along with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated millique water to complete the reaction volume and incubated at 42°C for one hour followed by 72°C for 15 minutes of incubation. Finally, prepared cDNA was stored at –20°C and further selected miRNAs quantification was performed by using sequence specific primers.
Quantification of Selected miRNAs Levels using Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Quantification was performed by SYBR-Green assay using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (ABI 7500, Applied Biosystems) for selected miRNAs [(miR-133 (FP-TTTGGTCCCCTTCAACCAGCTG; RP-GCGAGCACAGAATTAATACGAC), miR-155 (FP-CTAGCCTGCAGGTATTCAAATATTTCCACAGA; RP-ATCCGGCCGGCCTGAAGATGGTTATGAACATA), miR-222 (FP-GCTGCTGGAAGGTGTAGGTA; RP- GATGCCATCAGAGACCCAGT) U6 SnRNA FP-CGCTTCGGCAGCAGCACATATACTA; RP- CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCA)]. To evaluate expression levels in each sample, quantification was done by using specific set of human miRNA forward and reverse primers. For qRT-PCR, initial denaturation was done for 2 minutes at 95°C which was followed by 40 cycles of denaturation step for 30 second at 94°C, followed by annealing for 30 seconds at 58°C and extension for 30 seconds at 72°C. At the end of PCR cycles 10 minute of melting curve analysis was set to differentiate between primer-dimer and amplicons. All the reactions were performed in triplicates for each set of miRNA and mean values were used for further calculations. Relative fold change was used to quantify the expression levels of each miRNA in control as well as CVD female subjects with respect to the quantity of U6 SnRNA present in the same sample.
Statistical Analysis
Relative quantification method (RQ = 2–∆∆CT) as described by Livak19 was used to calculate the changes in expression levels of each miRNA. Column analysis was performed using t-test to determine the significant difference between the control subjects and CVD patients. Furthermore, one way ANOVA was done to identify significant difference among multiple groups. All the analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism software (Version V) and statistical significance was set at p value ≤ 0.05.
Results
Expression Levels of Circulating miRNA-133, miRNA-155, and miRNA-222 in CVD Female Patients
Quantitative expression analysis of miRNAs in serum samples of CVD patient’s in comparison to control female subjects demonstrated significant upregulation of miRNA-133 (confidence interval [CI]: −0.6817 to −0.1484, p = 0.005) (Fig. 1a) and miRNA-222 (CI: −5.918 to −1.199, p = 0.007) (Fig. 1c). Another circulatory miR-155 which was found to have a significant role in inflammatory signal transduction couldn’t show significant change in CVD female patients as compared with female control subjects (CI: −0.7419 to 0.09780, p > 0.05) (Fig. 1b). Furthermore, correlation of all three miRNAs revealed significant upregulation of miRNA-133 as compared with miRNA-155 (CI: 2.303–66.83, p < 0.05) and miRNA-222 (CI: 0.7400–67.39, p < 0.05) (Fig. 1d).
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Fig. 1 Changes in expression levels of different microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients as compared with control subjects (*p = 0.01, **p = 0.001, NS = not significant).
Fig. 1 Changes in expression levels of different microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients as compared with control subjects (*p = 0.01, **p = 0.001, NS = not significant).
Age-wise Changes in Expression Levels of miRNAs in CVD Female Patients
For analyzing age-wise changes in levels of expression of non-coding RNAs, all CVD female patients were categorized into two groups: <45 years and >45 years. The relative quantification data revealed that miRNA-133 has significantly higher expression levels than miRNA-155 (CI: 42.42–117.7, p = 0.0001) and miRNA-222 (CI: 40.40–110.1, p = 0.0001) in CVD patients with <45 years of age (Fig. 2a). Similarly, miRNA-133 expression levels were also increased significantly than miRNA-155 (CI: 5.250–20.37, p = 0.001) and miRNA-222 (CI: 1.856–18.60, p = 0.01) in CVD female patients of >45-year age group (Fig. 2b). However, no significant difference was observed for miRNA-155 as compared with miRNA-222 (p > 0.05) in both the age group of patients.
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Fig. 2 Age-wise changes in relative expression levels of different microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) female patients (*p = 0.01, **p = 0.001, ***p = 0.0001, NS = not significant).
Fig. 2 Age-wise changes in relative expression levels of different microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) female patients (*p = 0.01, **p = 0.001, ***p = 0.0001, NS = not significant).
Furthermore, comparative analysis of individual miRNA in both the age groups revealed that miRNA-133 has significantly higher level of expression in CVD patients with <45 years as compared with >45-year-old patients (CI: 37.35–95.55, p = 0.001, Fig. 2c), while no significant difference was observed for miRNA-155 and miRNA-222 during age-wise comparison (p > 0.05, Fig. 2d e).
Correlative Expression Levels of miRNA-133, miRNA-155, and miRNA-222 in CVD Female Patients Based on Troponin Levels
Relative quantitative expression analysis of three chosen miRNAs was analyzed based on the troponin levels of CVD female patients into two categories <250 ng/L of troponin and >250 ng/L troponin (Fig. 3). The expression analysis revealed that miRNA-222 had significantly higher expression levels in patients having troponin levels <250 ng/L as compared with miRNA-133 (CI: −3.854 to −1.249, p = 0.0001) and miRNA-155 (CI: −4.427 to −1.313, p = 0.0001), whereas no significant difference was observed among the expression levels of miRNA-133 and miRNA-155 (p > 0.05) in CVD female patients with <250 ng/L of troponin levels (Fig. 3a). In contrast to these results, CVD female patients having troponin levels >250 ng/L showed significantly upregulated expression of miRNA-133 as compared with miRNA-155 (CI: 8.752–96.85, p = 0.01) and miRNA-222 (CI: 14.38–93.91, p = 0.001), respectively, while no significant difference in relative expression levels was observed between miRNA-155 and miRNA-222 (p > 0.05) (Fig. 3b). These findings are well reflected in correlation coefficient plots of miRNAs with serum troponin levels (Fig. 3c d).
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Fig. 3 Correlative expression levels of miRNA-133, miRNA-155 and miR-222 in cardiovascular disease (CVD) female patients based on two different categories of troponin levels (*p = 0.01, **p = 0.001, ***p = 0.0001, NS = not significant).
Fig. 3 Correlative expression levels of miRNA-133, miRNA-155 and miR-222 in cardiovascular disease (CVD) female patients based on two different categories of troponin levels (*p = 0.01, **p = 0.001, ***p = 0.0001, NS = not significant).
Discussion
Continuous increasing mortality rate and poor treatment outcome of CVD women patients as compared with men has posed a crucial need to identify suitable diagnosis and prognostic information or biomarker. The identification of circulating regulatory molecules in peripheral blood has led to a new meadow of investigation which is involved in complex pathophysiological mechanisms for the development of several types of cardiovascular diseases.20 21 22 23
Among different circulating miRNAs identified till date, miRNA-133 has shown a crucial role in CAD patients.24 25 26 Studies have demonstrated that overexpression of miRNA-133 leads to preserved cardiac functions and inhibition of miRNA-133 expression results in increased hypertrophy.27 It is highly abundant in cardiac cells wherein its manipulation affects cardiac action potential.28 In our study, we observed significantly upregulated expression levels of circulating miRNA-133 levels in CVD women patients as compared with control subjects (Fig. 1a). Furthermore, as compared with other miRNAs tested in this study, miRNA-133 level was significantly higher in CVD patients revealing that miRNA-133 play crucial role in pathophysiological mechanisms involved in CVD. In addition to the function of miRNA-133 in cardiac hypertrophy, it is also involved in antifibrotic mechanisms through connective tissue growth factors targeting which were considered as key regulators of fibrotic processes, the major constituents of cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM).29 30 Hence, we also investigated, the role of miRNA-133 based on age in CVD women patients which has important role in cardiac ECM remodeling. Age-wise data revealed that miRNA-133 is significantly higher in patients with <45 years of age as compared with older patients (Fig. 2c). This data signifies involvement of miRNA-133 in ECM remodeling of cardiac vessels and pathogenesis of CVD in women.
Another basic mechanism of CVD pathogenesis involved inflammatory regulators. In this regard miRNA-155 has been observed to be upregulated during cardiac pathogenesis.30 31 32 This particular miRNA play role as proarteriogenic and antiangiogenic factor in cardiac diseases.33 Hence, we studied expression levels of circulating miRNA-155 in CVD women patients. Results demonstrated that miRNA-155 does not have any significant effect of CVD pathogenesis or age factor or troponin levels. This could be explained as the patients enrolled in this study may have passed initial mechanism of inflammatory signals initiated during CVD pathogenesis and more toward the ECM and cellular modifications.
The third type of circulating miRNA (miRNA-222) is significantly involved in promoting the cardiac hypertrophy, expansion, and survival mechanisms.34 It also plays a protective role during cardiac dysfunction due to ischemic injury, and heart development.16 35 In our study, we have observed significantly upregulated expression levels of miRNA-222 in CVD women patients in comparison to control subjects (Fig. 1c); however, upregulation of miRNA-222 was significantly at lower side as compared with miRNA-133 (Fig. 1d). Although, age-wise comparison of miRNA-22 did not show significant change, it was significantly higher in patients with troponin levels <250 ng/L (Fig. 3a), which was further reduced as compared with miRNA-133 in CVD women patients with troponin levels >250 ng/L (Fig. 3b). Thus, these data revealed that miRNA-222 has an essential role in CVD women patients having less troponin levels.
In summary, study has signified the crucial role of each miRNA; more specifically, miRNA-133 showed significant involvement in CVD severity in women as observed with the higher troponin levels. Serum troponin levels have been considered as one of the biochemical parameters to define the severity of CVD in patients. Increase in the serum troponin levels directly reflects the increase in cardiac muscles damage, thereby increased severity of CVD. In this study, we have categorized CVD patients into two groups—(1) <250 ng/L troponin levels and (2) >250 ng/L troponin levels—to identify significance of miRNA expression with serum troponin levels for indirect correlation with CVD severity. Although the findings of this study are interesting and of high value, sample size and correlation with more clinical parameters represent major limitations of the study. Hence, large cohort studies including more number of patients and clinical parameters along with serum miRNA profiling could provide better outcome.
Conclusion
Results from this study showed that miRNA-133 and miRNA-222 have an essential role in the pathogenesis of CVD in women. Furthermore, miRNA-133 showed higher significance in CVD women patients of different ages as compared with miRNA-155 and miRNA-222. miRNA-222 was found significantly associated with CVD pathogenesis in women patients having troponin levels <250 ng/L, whereas miRNA-133 showed significant association with troponin levels >250 ng/L in CVD women.
Acknowledgment
None.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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