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Prognostic Value of Residual Syntax Score after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease
Sunitha Aramalla, MD Department of Cardiology, NIMS Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Telangana -500082 India Sunitha.aramalla@gmail.com
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Abstract
Background Residual SYNTAX (Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) Score (RSS) is an objective measure for the assessment of degree and complexity of residual stenosis after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Aim The study aimed at evaluating the role of angiographic complete (CR) and incomplete (ICR) revascularization on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing PCI for multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD). The study sought to investigate the role of initial and residual severity of coronary atherosclerosis in prognostication of patients with MVCAD who underwent PCI.
Material and Methods We retrospectively recruited 135 patients having MVCAD who underwent PCI. Coronary angiogram was used to assess the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. From the angiographic data baseline (BSS) and RSS were calculated. Subjects having a RSS of 0 were defined as having CR, and those having RSS > 0 are defined as ICR group. The study population was subgrouped into two groups as follows: CR, 0 (n = 17, 23%); ICR, >0 to 4 (n = 89, 47.2%). Clinical outcomes were measured, which included major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACE) at 1 year.
Results Among the study subjects mean age was 57.25 ± 17.55. About 76.3% were males, and 23.7% were females. About 89.4% had diabetes, 88.6% had hypertension as risk factors, and 95.8% were smokers.
The mean values of BSS and RSS were 20.2 ± 9.2 and 4.1 ± 7.0, respectively. Based on RSS the individuals were divided into two groups as follows: CR, 0 (n = 17, 23%); ICR, > 0 to 4 (n = 89, 47.2%), > 4 to 8 (n = 16, 21.6%), > 8 (n = 13, 17.55%). After 1 year, three patients lost the follow-up. Among the remaining 132 patients, those with higher BSS had more mortality and morbidity, and the difference is statistically significant (MACE in ≥23 vs. <23, p = 0.000755); 10 patients in the ICR group had MACE compared with 1 patient in CR group(5.8% in CR group vs. 8.6% in ICR group, p-value of 0.38); however, the difference was not statistically significant. However, higher RSS acts as an indirect marker of increasing morbidity and mortality when compared within the tertiles, and the difference was statistically significant (RSS 1–4 group vs. > 4 MACE, p = 0.0009559, RSS < 8 vs. >8 MACE, p = 0.00000172).
Conclusions This study proved that both BSS and higher RSS help to foretell the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in individuals with MVCAD who underwent PCI. RSS, which is an indirect marker of residual atherosclerosis, that is, ICR, had a positive correlation MACE after PCI.
Keywords
residual SYNTAX Score (RSS)
multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD)
complete revascularization (CR)
incomplete revascularization (ICR)
Introduction
In patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD), residual SYNTAX (Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) Score (RSS) has been shown to be a marker of the residual anatomic coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and clinical comorbidity in patients undergoing revascularization (percutaneous or surgical) in a post-hoc analysis1 of the SYNTAX trial.2 3 4 5 Incomplete revascularization (ICR) has been linked to the adverse clinical outcome on the short-term and long-term follow-up as shown by many studies.6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The theory of reasonable ICR has been proposed that is a clinical dictator of the acceptable burden of residual atherosclerotic plaque burden, post-revascularization in whom CR was could not need to be done.7 8 11 13 15 RSS is an objective and quantitative parameter, measures residual anatomic coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and the complexity of coronary anatomy after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).16 The objective of this study was to assess the application of RSS in prognostication in MVCAD patients at 1-year follow-up post-PCI.
Materials and Methods
After informed consent, a total of 135 patients were recruited retrospectively from our unit PCI registry. Those patients who were having MVCAD and underwent PCI were included. Exclusion criteria included subjects with prior coronary revascularization, and those subjects with a requirement of concomitant cardiac surgery (e.g., resection of aortic or left ventricular (LV) aneurysm, and valve surgery). We noted the demographic data (age, sex, socioeconomic status), risk factors (diabetic status hypertension, smoking), clinical presentation, laboratory parameters (electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, complete blood picture, liver function tests, serum electrolytes, renal function tests), and CAG findings in patients having MVCAD who underwent PCI. After coronary angiography, the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was assessed using the SYNTAX score. After PCI, the RSS was calculated to all the subjects. All the subjects with RSS of < 0 were considered as CR group, and those with RSS > 0 were considered as ICR group who were further classified to tertiles of RSS 0 to 4, 4 to 8, and >8. After 1 year, clinical outcomes were assessed.
Results
Among the total 135 patients, the mean age was 57.25 ± 17.55, 76.3% were males, and 23.7% were females. Diabetes is observed in 89.4%, hypertension is observed in 88.6%, smoking is observed in 95.8%. Baseline SYNTAX Score (BSS) and RSS were calculated. The mean values of BSS and RSS were 20.2 ± 9.2 and 4.1 ± 7.0, respectively. Based on RSS, the individuals were divided into two groups as follows: CR, 0 (n = 17, 23%); ICR, >0 to 4 (n = 89, 47.2%), > 4 to 8 (n = 16, 21.6%), > 8 (n = 13, 17.55%). After a follow-up of 1 year, three patients lost to follow-up. The distribution of clinical and angiographic profiles is shown in Table 1
|
Parameter |
Total |
RSS = 0 |
RSS > 0 |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(n = 135) |
(n = 17) |
(n = 118) |
||
|
Abbreviations: BSS, Baseline SYNTAX Score; CAD, coronary artery disease; GpIIbIIIa, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors; LV, left ventricular; RSS, Residual SYNTAX Score. |
||||
|
Age |
57.25 ± 17.55 |
55.69 ± 14.926 |
57.69 ± 17.7 |
0.61 |
|
Gender |
||||
|
Male |
102 (76%) |
12 (70.5%) |
90 (76.3%) |
0.61 |
|
Female |
33 (24%) |
5 (29%) |
28 (23.7%) |
|
|
Diabetes |
||||
|
Yes |
95 (72.4%) |
10 (10.5%) |
85 (89.4%) |
0.14 |
|
No |
40 (29.6%) |
7 (17.5%) |
33 (82.5%) |
|
|
Hypertension |
||||
|
Yes |
105 (77.7%) |
12 (11.4%) |
93 (88.6%) |
0.22 |
|
No |
30 (22.2%) |
5 (16.6%) |
25 (83.4%) |
|
|
Current smoking |
||||
|
Yes |
24 (17.7%) |
1 (4.1%) |
23 (95.8%) |
0.08 |
|
No |
111 (82.3%) |
16 (14.4%) |
95 (85.5%) |
|
|
LV function |
||||
|
Good |
98 (72.5%) |
14 (14.2%) |
84 (85.7%) |
0.17 |
|
Mild dysfunction |
18 (13.3%) |
1 (5.5%) |
17 (94.5%) |
|
|
Moderate dysfunction |
11 (8.1%) |
1 (9.09%) |
10 (90.9%) |
|
|
Severe dysfunction |
8 (5.9%) |
1 (12.5%) |
7 (98.75%) |
|
|
Type of CAD |
||||
|
ACS |
48 (35.5%) |
8 (16.6%) |
40 (83.3%) |
0.15 |
|
CSA |
87 (64.5%) |
9 (10.3%) |
78 (89.6%) |
|
|
BMI |
||||
|
Normal |
86 (63.7%) |
13 (15.1%) |
73 (84.9%) |
0.12 |
|
Overweight |
42 (31.1%) |
4 (9.5%) |
38 (90.5%) |
|
|
Obese |
6 (4.4%) |
0 (0%) |
6 (100%) |
|
|
Underweight |
1 (0.74%) |
0 (0%) |
1 (100%) |
|
|
Lesional calcification |
||||
|
Yes |
32 (23.8%) |
4 (12.5%) |
28 (87.5%) |
0.49 |
|
No |
103 (76.2%) |
13 (12.6%) |
90 (87.4%) |
|
|
Ostial disease |
||||
|
Yes |
12 (8.9%) |
0 (0%) |
12 (100%) |
0.09 |
|
No |
123 (91.1%) |
17 (13.8%) |
106 (86.2%) |
|
|
Predilatation |
||||
|
Done |
87 (64.5%) |
12(13.8%) |
75 (86.2%) |
0.42 |
|
Not done |
48 (38.5%) |
6(12.5%) |
42 (87.5%) |
|
|
Stent diameter |
2.8 ± 0.7 |
2.9 ± 0.4 |
2.86 ± 0.26 |
|
|
Stent length |
22 ± 14.4 |
22 ± 15.4 |
21 ± 14.4 |
|
|
GpIIbIIIa inhibitor usage |
||||
|
Yes |
23 (17%) |
4 (17.4%) |
19 (82.6%) |
0.22 |
|
No |
112 (83%) |
13 (11.6%) |
99 (88.4%) |
|
|
BSS |
20.2 ± 9.2 |
18.6 ± 7.3 |
20.47 ± 9.4 |
|
|
RSS |
4.1 ± 7.0 |
0 |
4.7 ± 6.8 |
|
The details are described in the following tables Table 1 2 3 4 5 6.
|
Baseline SYNTAX score (BSS) |
MACE+ |
MACE- |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Abbreviations: BSS, Baseline SYNTAX Score; MACE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. |
|||
|
<23(n = 105) |
3 |
102 |
|
|
>23(n = 30) |
8 |
22 |
|
|
11 |
124 |
0.0007558 |
|
|
Event |
Total (n = 135) |
RSS = 0 |
RSS > 0 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Abbreviations: MACE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; RSS, Residual SYNTAX Score. |
|||
|
Asymptomatic |
121 (89.6%) |
16 (13.2%) |
105 (77.8%) |
|
Angina |
9 (6.6%) |
1 (11.1%) |
8 (88.9%) |
|
Death |
2 (1.5%) |
0 (0%) |
2 (100%) |
|
No response |
3 (2.2%) |
0 (0%) |
3 (100%) |
|
Responders (n = 132) |
MACE+ |
MACE– |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Abbreviations: CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; MACE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. |
|||
|
CR, n = 17 |
1 (5.88%) |
16 (94.1%) |
0.49 |
|
ICR, n = 115 |
10 (8.6%) |
105 (91.4%) |
|
|
11 |
121 |
||
|
RSS |
n = 135 |
Angina |
Death |
Nonresponders |
MACE no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Abbreviations: MACE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; RSS, Residual SYNTAX Score. |
|||||
|
0 |
17 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
1–4 |
89 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
|
>4–8 |
16 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
>8 |
13 |
5 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
|
Total |
135 |
9 |
2 |
3 |
11 |
|
ICR |
MACE+ |
MACE- |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 118 (3 are nonresponders) |
|||
|
Abbreviations: ICR, incomplete revascularization; MACE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; RSS, Residual SYNTAX Score. |
|||
|
RSS1–4 (n = 89) |
2 |
85 |
0.0008623 |
|
(2 are nonresponders) |
|||
|
RSS 4–8 (n = 16) |
1 |
15 |
0.00000097 |
|
RSS>8 (n = 13) |
7 |
5 |
|
|
(1 is nonresponders) |
|||
Among the remaining 132 patients, patients with higher BSS had more mortality and morbidity (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events [MACE] in ≥23 vs. <23, p = 0.000755); 10 patients in the ICR group had MACE compared with one patient in CR group(5.8% in CR group vs. 8.6% in ICR group, p-value of 0.38) the difference of which was not statistically significant. Out of 135 patients, 75.5% (102) cases were men, and 24.5% (33) cases were women; MACE events were compared that showed p-value of 0.075, which is not significant. The occurrence of various risk factors predicting the occurrence of higher RSS like diabetes (p = 0.14), hypertension (p = 0.22), smoking (p = 0.08), LV dysfunction (p = 0.17), type of CAD (p = 0.15), and higher body mass index (p = 0.12) was not statistically significant. Presence of lesional calcification (p = 0.49) and presence of ostial disease (p = 0.09) are shown in Table1 Figs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.
-
Fig. 1 Hypertension as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.22). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
Fig. 1 Hypertension as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.22). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
-
Fig. 2 Diabetes as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.14). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
Fig. 2 Diabetes as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.14). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
-
Fig. 3 Smoking as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.08). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
Fig. 3 Smoking as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.08). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
-
Fig. 4 Left ventricular dysfunction as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.17). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
Fig. 4 Left ventricular dysfunction as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.17). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
-
Fig. 5 Type of CAD as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.15). ACS, CAD, coronary artery disease; CR, complete revascularization; CSA, ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
Fig. 5 Type of CAD as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.15). ACS, CAD, coronary artery disease; CR, complete revascularization; CSA, ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
-
Fig. 6 Lesional calcification as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.49). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
Fig. 6 Lesional calcification as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.49). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
-
Fig. 7 Ostial disease as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.09). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
Fig. 7 Ostial disease as a risk factor (CR vs. ICR group, p-value = 0.09). CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization; RSS, residual SYNTAX Score.
Figs. 1 2 3 show the distribution of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking among the study population. There is no statistically significant difference observed in the distribution of risk factors among CR versus ICR group.
Figure 4 shows the distribution of echocardiographically observed LV dysfunction among the study population. There is no statistically significant difference observed in the distribution of LV dysfunction among CR versus ICR group.
Figure 5 shows the distribution of clinical presentations, such as acute coronary syndrome versus chronic stable angina among the study population. There is no statistically significant difference observed in the type of clinical presentation among CR versus ICR group.
Figs. 6 7 show the distribution of angiographic plaque characteristics such as lesional calcification and coronary ostial disease among the study population, which showed no statistically significant difference among CR versus ICR group.
The occurrence of MACE when compared within BSS < 23 versus BSS > 23 showed a statistically significant difference with a p-value of 0.0007558, as shown in Table 2 Fig. 8.
-
Fig. 8 Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACE) according to Baseline SYNTAX Score (BSS).
Fig. 8 Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACE) according to Baseline SYNTAX Score (BSS).
Distribution of study population among post-PCI patients with RSS = 0 and RSS > 0, that is, CR versus ICR groups and the MACE in the individual group is shown in and Tables 3 4 Figs. 9 10, which show that higher number of MACE occurred in patients with high RSS; however, the difference was not statistically significant with a p-value of 0.38.
-
Fig. 9 Distribution of Residual SYNTAX Scores across tertiles. CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization.
Fig. 9 Distribution of Residual SYNTAX Scores across tertiles. CR, complete revascularization; ICR, incomplete revascularization.
-
Fig. 10 Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACE) in complete revascularization (CR) versus incomplete revascularization (ICR) groups, p-value = 0.49. The difference is not statistically significant.
Fig. 10 Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACE) in complete revascularization (CR) versus incomplete revascularization (ICR) groups, p-value = 0.49. The difference is not statistically significant.
The distribution of RSS across tertiles of the study population is described in Fig. 9.
Distribution of study population among different RSS groups and the MACE in the individual group is shown in Tables 5 6. These results showed that as the RSS is increasing, there is a higher chance for MACE, statistically significant difference observed when RSS 1 to 4 was compared with RSS > 4 p-values was 0.0009559, and RSS < 8 compared with v >8 p-values was 0.00000172.
Discussion
The present study showed that anatomical residual coronary artery disease is helping to predict MACE during follow-up of post-PCI patients. This is also shown in many trials such as PRAMI (Preventive Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction),17 CvLPRIT (Complete versus Lesion-Only Primary PCI Trial),18 and DANAMI-3 PRIMULTI19 the authors demonstrated that occurrence of MACE was a positively correlated with higher residual coronary artery disease that is objectively assessed using RSS.
In patients with MVCAD after undergoing PCI the residual plaque burden either obstructive or nonobstructive was associated with more adverse clinical outcomes and affecting the quality of life.20 21 Taking this into consideration, the RSS which is an objective measure of the residual plaque burden after PCI retains the value as a measure of the unaddressed anatomic coronary atherosclerotic disease burden that may declare future cardiovascular events.
Patients with elevated RSS were having more comorbidities and elderly compared with others; however, ICR is found to be an independent indicator of MACE during follow-up. Results of the present study have similarity with data published previously,6 22 23 24 suggesting that amount of anatomical residual atherosclerotic plaque burden, which is objectively reflected by a higher RSS > 8 after PCI, is associated with worse clinical outcomes in MVCAD patients who underwent PCI. This higher risk could be explained by the fact that patients with high RSS had a large extent of myocardium that is jeopardized or ischemic and overall vascular burden, which is high in these patients. In contrast, to the above findings, patients who had complete anatomical revascularization as evidenced by a lower RSS had the excellent prognosis at follow-up.10 18 Thus, decreasing the amount of residual plaque burden that reduces the ischemic burden to the patient would improve the overall long-term prognosis, as shown by many studies correlating survival benefit in patients with inducible ischemia who underwent revascularization.25 26 27
These results were challenging the interventional cardiologist while treating highly complex MVCAD in terms of addressing the entire coronary plaque burden.
Many compared the outcomes between CR versus ICR after PCI. A meta-analysis from nine studies by Aggarwal et al showed that less residual plaque burden following PCI was in line with a lower rate of death, myocardial infarction, and need for coronary artery bypass grafting at a mean follow-up of 29 months.28 Another study by Head et al29 investigated the impact of complete versus ICR on 3-year patient outcomes in the SYNTAX trial who declared that CR group had less number of MACE on follow-up. Consistent with the above studies, our study demonstrated that ICR occurred more frequently in patients with more complex coronary artery disease at baseline (total occlusions, more significant number of lesions), which occupied the highest tertile (>23) of the BSS.
Advances in PCI technology, with more easily deliverable newer generation drug-eluting Stents and newer adjunctive devices Systems which help in crossing of chronic total occlusions. Imaging technology like intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography that provides guidance to interventional cardiologist to ensure stent optimization, helps in addressing the concept of ICR. Skilled and dedicated cardiologists who can tackle such complex coronary lesions and well-equipped hospital infrastructure help in ensuring full revascularization of major epicardial vessels may directly improve long-term prognosis.30 31 32 33 34
The present study reconfirmed that a higher BSS was associated with higher RSS, which further is associated with more considerable morbidity and mortality. However, the RSS is based solely on angiographic quantification that cannot account for the interindividual variability related to the clinical risk factors, which are known and proven to effect long-term outcomes after revascularization with PCI such as elderly age, presence of LV dysfunction, and associated renal dysfunction.35
Thus, RSS added prognostic value in patients with MVCAD undergoing ICR, which supports its clinical use. We recommend that all patients with MVCAD undergoing PCI should undergo a functional assessment of the residual lesions even though they appear as anatomically significant that would translate into good clinical outcomes, which was proved in chronic kidney disease as well as obstructive sleep apnea patients also.36
However, further studies are needed to assess the anatomic versus the functional residual burden of residual coronary atherosclerosis that further helps in prognostication.
Limitations
-
Calculation of RSS could be objective. Thus, false positives and false negatives may occur.
-
Functional residual coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden, when compared with residual anatomical atherosclerotic plaque burden further, helps in prognostication, which could not be done in the present study.
Conclusion
In conclusion, severe coronary atherosclerosis (SYNTAX ≥23 points) was significantly associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality; after PCI higher residual coronary atherosclerosis (SYNTAX ≥8 points) was associated with a higher risk of morbidity compared with SYNTAX < 8 points.
Conflicts of Interest
None declared.
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