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Himalayan Fibrillatory Waves in Juvenile Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Abstract
An 18-year-old girl, a known case of rheumatic mitral stenosis, presented with dyspnea and palpitations. Electrocardiogram was done, which revealed atrial fibrillation and a large amplitude atrial fibrillatory wave, which was more than the voltage of R wave V1, a finding which is quite uncommon. Echocardiography revealed a large left atrium which was 80 mm in diameter. The patient was started on oral anticoagulation and referred for mitral valve replacement with maze procedure.
Keywords
atrial fibrillation
juvenile mitral stenosis
Introduction
Juvenile mitral stenosis was first described by Dr. Sujoy B. Roy from India. Juvenile mitral stenosis is characterized by presentation with severe mitral stenosis in those less than 20 years of age. Such patients tend to have less calcific valves, severe pulmonary hypertension, and fairly normal cardiac output. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is relatively uncommon, seen in only around 6% of the cases. We report a case of juvenile mitral stenosis, who presented with Himalayan fibrillatory waves in the electrocardiogram.
Case Presentation
An 18-year-old girl presented with complaints of dyspnea on exertion, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II for 4 years, which progressed to class III for the past 1 month. She also had history of intermittent palpitations. On examination, she had a pulse rate of 126/min, which was irregularly irregular. Cardiovascular examination revealed S1 of variable intensity and a middiastolic murmur at the apex. Chest X-ray showed left atrial enlargement. Electrocardiogram showed irregularly irregular rhythm with a ventricular rate of approximately 98/min. There was a coarse atrial fibrillatory waveform seen in the electrocardiograph (ECG). The fibrillatory waves were very large, measuring around 6 to 7 mm. The amplitude of the fibrillatory wave was more than the amplitude of QRS complex in lead V1 (Fig. 1A). This feature was suggestive of left atrial enlargement. Echocardiography revealed severe mitral stenosis with mitral valve area of 0.8 cm2 and mild-to-moderate mitral regurgitation. The left atrium was grossly dilated measuring 80 mm in parasternal long axis view (Fig. 1B). There was grade 2+ spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium. Anticoagulation was initiated with enoxaparin and, subsequently, warfarin. The patient was referred for mitral valve replacement and maze procedure.
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Fig. 1 (A) 12-lead electrocardiogram showing large (Himalayan) fibrillatory waves (B) Echocardiography in parasternal long axis view showing left atrial enlargement, spontaneous echo contrast, and thickened mitral valve.
Fig. 1 (A) 12-lead electrocardiogram showing large (Himalayan) fibrillatory waves (B) Echocardiography in parasternal long axis view showing left atrial enlargement, spontaneous echo contrast, and thickened mitral valve.
Discussion
AF has an overall prevalence of 1 to 2% worldwide.1 In elderly population, nonvalvular AF predominates, whereas in younger population, it is predominantly due to valvular heart disease. Among the valvular heart disease, mitral stenosis is the most common lesion associated with AF. The presence of AF in juvenile rheumatic mitral stenosis relatively uncommon, with an incidence of 3 to 10%, which is very less when in comparison with their older counterparts.2 Based on the amplitude of the fibrillatory waves, AF is classified as fine AF if it is less than 1 mm and coarse AF if more than 1 mm. Coarse AF is considered as a marker of left atrial enlargement.3 Coarse AF is associated with hypertrophied atrial myocardium and more organized left atrial contraction in comparison to fine AF.4 Coarse AF has higher propensity for thromboembolic events despite having lesser tendency for clot formation.5 Extensive atrial myocardial hypertrophy without much structural damage in this young patient of rheumatic mitral stenosis is the plausible explanation for Himalayan fibrillatory wave. Systematic examination of this electrocardiogram is vital, as looking only at the lead V1 will give impression of either ventricular tachycardia or artifact.
Conclusion
Juvenile mitral stenosis is less commonly associated with AF. In our case, juvenile mitral stenosis presented AF, that too with coarse large amplitude atrial fibrillatory waves.
Conflict of Interest
None declared.
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