Amalgamation of Circadian Clock Gene with Incidence of Myocardial Infarction

ABSTRACT IMAGE

SBP - Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP - Diastolic Blood Pressure, BMI - Body Mass Index, MI - Myocardial Infarction, CLOCK: Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput

INTRODUCTION

Circadian rhythms play a crucial role in regulating metabolic pathways and are closely linked to cardiovascular health. Disruption of these rhythms has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The circadian rhythm is governed by a complex feedback loop involving core clock genes, with CLOCK being one of them. Studies have suggested a connection between variations in the CLOCK gene and conditions like hypertension, indicating its relevance to cardiovascular risk.^[1] Cardiovascular events often exhibit circadian patterns, with a higher incidence observed in the morning.^[2] Factors such as myocardial infarction (MI), aortic aneurysm dissection, and stroke tend to occur more frequently in the morning hours.^[3-5] Moreover, MI rates are often elevated during winter months, particularly among the elderly population.^[6] The circadian rhythm influences various physiological processes, including glucose homeostasis, blood pressure regulation, and vascular function, all of which can impact the onset of MI.^[7] The primary circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, with light serving as a key regulator. Disruptions in sleep patterns, whether due to reduced exposure to daylight or excessive nighttime light exposure, can disturb circadian rhythms and contribute to conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Sleep disorders are associated with an increased risk of various cardiovascular conditions, including MI.^[8-10] Peripheral clocks found in cardiovascular tissues, such as cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells, are synchronized by the central clock in the SCN.^[11] These peripheral clocks regulate metabolic gene expression in cardiomyocytes, ensuring coordination with nutrient availability.^[12,13] Genetic variations in clock genes have been linked to obesity, sleep disorders, and CVDs such as stroke and MI. Dysregulation of the circadian rhythm can lead to metabolic disorders, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension, all of which are risk factors for CVD.^[14,15] At the molecular level, circadian rhythm genes control gene transcription and protein synthesis through feedback loops involving activators such as CLOCK and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like (ARNTL), and inhibitors such as period circadian regulator (PER) and cryptochrome (CRY) proteins.^[15,16] These proteins regulate the expression of clock-controlled genes, maintaining circadian oscillations that persist for approximately 24 h. While associations between CLOCK gene variations and cardiovascular events have been explored in cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate these relationships.^[17-20] In our study, we examined the association between a specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (CLOCK-rs4580704) and the incidence of CVD, particularly non-fatal acute MI, in a cohort of 40 individuals, 20 males and 20 females, aged 30–50 years. Our hypothesis was that polymorphisms in circadian clock genes, such as CLOCK, may be linked to MI risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The data were collected from a total of 40 individuals, comprising 20 males and 20 females, who had experienced non-fatal acute MI at the Department of CVDs and Intensive Care at Era University. The study adhered to ethical standards and was approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Committee of Era University. All eligible participants provided written informed consent before enrollment. Inclusion criteria for MI patients followed the guidelines established by Thygesen et al.,^[21] which define type 1 and 2 MI based on elevated cardiac troponin T levels above the 99^th percentile, coupled with symptoms of myocardial ischemia, electrocardiogram changes, pathological Q waves, evidence of myocardial tissue damage, or coronary thrombus presence. Individuals who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass were excluded, as these procedures are not indicative of acute MI. Patients classified as having type 4 and 5 MI were also excluded, along with those who had undergone PCI for type 1 and 2 MI. The control group, consisting of individuals without a documented history of CVD, was selected by cardiologists during routine outpatient visits. Patients with known cardiovascular conditions or a history of MI were excluded from the control group. In addition, relatives of MI patients were excluded from the control group to account for potential genetic predispositions.

Comprehensive medical history data were collected from all participants, including information on age, smoking habits, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. The study protocol underwent rigorous ethical review and approval from Era University to ensure adherence to ethical guidelines and participant safety. The exclusion criteria were carefully defined to ensure the homogeneity of the study population and to minimize confounding variables that could affect the study outcomes. By excluding individuals who had undergone interventions not indicative of acute MI and those with types 4 and 5 MI, the study focused specifically on type 1 and 2 MI cases, which are characterized by acute myocardial injury due to ischemia. This targeted approach aimed to enhance the reliability and validity of the study findings. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, emphasizing their voluntary participation and the confidentiality of their data. The research team followed strict ethical protocols throughout the study, prioritizing participant welfare and compliance with ethical standards. The collection of systematic medical history data allowed for the comprehensive characterization of the study population, enabling the identification of potential confounders and the adjustment of statistical analyses as necessary. Variables such as age, smoking status, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were included in the questionnaire to assess their potential influence on the association between the CLOCK-rs4580704 SNP and the incidence of MI. Overall, the study design was meticulously planned and executed, with careful consideration given to ethical principles, participant selection criteria, and data collection methods. By adhering to rigorous ethical standards and employing robust methodologies, the research aimed to provide valuable insights into the relationship between circadian clock gene polymorphisms and CVD risk.

RESULTS

The baseline clinical and demographical parameters of the study patients with MI are shown in Table 1. Age, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hypertension, obesity, current smoking, and type 2 diabetes were analyzed. Among the clinical and demographical parameters of MI patients, BMI, hypertension, obesity, current smoking, and type 2 diabetes were found to be significant association between male and female cases. Age, SBP, and DBP were not associated between the male and female MI patients.

Genotypic and allelic distributions of the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism are shown in Table 2. Genotype frequencies of CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism showed no difference between male and female patients with MI (P = 0.25). However, CC and GG genotype was significantly higher in females than in males. No difference was observed for allele frequencies between male and female patients with MI (P = 0.65). Although, C allele was found to be higher in male MI patients as compared to female patients [Table 3]. This table provides mean values (±SD) for continuous variables such as age, BMI, SBP, and DBP across different genotypes (CC, CG, and GG) of the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism. It also presents the frequency and percentage of categorical variables including hypertension, obesity cases, current smoking status, and type 2 diabetes across the three genotypes. Here, P-values indicate the statistical significance of differences observed between genotypes for each characteristic. For continuous variables (age, BMI, SBP, and DBP), P-values less than the chosen significance level (typically 0.05) suggest statistically significant differences between groups. Similarly, for categorical variables (hypertension, obesity cases, current smoker, and type 2 diabetes), P < 0.05 indicates significant differences in the frequency of these characteristics between genotypes. Table 3 provides valuable insights of CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism association with various clinical and demographic parameters, shedding light on potential risk factors and underlying mechanisms involved in MI susceptibility.

[Table 4] Each section of the table represents different models of genetic inheritance (co-dominant, dominant, and recessive) for the CLOCK rs4580704 genotype. The table provides the genotype frequencies for male and female MI patients, along with the corresponding risk ratios, odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and P-values calculated from logistic regression analysis for each genotype model. The results indicate the association between CLOCK rs4580704 genotype and MI risk, considering different genetic inheritance models.

DISCUSSION

MI is a complex condition characterized by a progressive decline in cardiac function, leading to impaired pump function and insufficient blood flow to meet the body’s demands. Identifying risk factors and potential genetic determinants associated with MI is crucial for the early intervention and preventive strategies. In this study, we investigated the association of the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism with MI cases, aiming to shed light on the genetic predisposition to MI and its early detection. In this study, we had included 40 participants to investigate the association of CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism with MI cases. To the best of our knowledge, this work will be the first investigation to explore and clarify the association of CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism and the incidence of MI in north Indian patients. The results are in agreement with previous knowledge obtained from animal and human cross-sectional studies. In our study, we found that the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism is significantly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. In agreement to our results, Garaulet et al., reported significant associations with weight and BMI for SNPs rs4580704.^[25] The findings from our study revealed several noteworthy observations regarding the relationship between the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism and MI risk. While previous studies have suggested a potential link between genetic variations in the CLOCK gene and CVDs, including MI, our results did not show a significant association between the genotype and allele frequencies of the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism among male and female patients with MI. This finding contradicts some earlier studies suggesting a possible role of the CLOCK gene in cardiovascular pathophysiology. However, it is essential to interpret these results cautiously, considering potential confounding factors and the need for further investigation in larger cohorts.

Moreover, our results are supported by observations on murine models, given that mice with mutations resulting in under-expression of the clock gene presented obesity and hyperglycemia.^[26,27] Moreover, CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism was associated with metabolic syndrome,^[25] diabetes,^[28] obesity,^[29] and CVDs.^[29] Similarly, our study and previous epidemiological studies^{[25,28,30,31]} show that the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism was also significantly associated with BMI. Despite the lack of a significant association between the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism and MI risk, our study identified several clinical parameters that were significantly associated with both the genotype and allele frequencies of the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism. These parameters included BMI, hypertension, obesity, current smoking status, and type 2 diabetes. The observed associations suggest a potential interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (CHF). Specifically, individuals carrying certain CLOCK gene variants may be more susceptible to the detrimental effects of these risk factors, leading to an increased risk of MI.

The association of the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism with clinical parameters such as BMI, hypertension, obesity, smoking, and type 2 diabetes underscores the multifactorial nature of CHF. These findings highlight the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors in risk assessment and disease management strategies. Furthermore, the identification of specific risk factors associated with genetic variations in the CLOCK gene may aid in risk stratification and personalized approaches to CHF prevention and treatment. One of the notable findings of our study was the lack of a significant association between age, SBP, DBP, and the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism in male and female MI patients. While age and blood pressure are well-established risk factors for CVDs, including CHF, our results suggest that the CLOCK gene variant examined in this study may not directly influence these parameters. However, it is essential to note that our study sample size may have limited the statistical power to detect small effect sizes. In addition, our study investigated the association between different genetic inheritance models (co-dominant, dominant, and recessive) of the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism and MI risk. While no significant associations were observed in the codominant and dominant models, the recessive model showed a trend toward significance, particularly for the GG genotype. This finding suggests a potential recessive mode of inheritance for the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism in MI risk, although larger studies are needed to confirm this observation.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides insights into the genetic and clinical factors associated with MI risk, particularly in the context of the CLOCK rs4580704 polymorphism. While we did not find a significant association between the genotype and allele frequencies of this polymorphism and MI risk, our findings highlight the importance of considering genetic variations and environmental factors in MI pathogenesis. Further, research in larger, well-characterized cohorts is needed to validate our findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking genetic predisposition to MI development. Ultimately, a better understanding of the genetic determinants of MI may lead to improved risk prediction, prevention, and personalized treatment strategies for this debilitating condition.